Mitochondria, the powerhouse of cells, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) at moderate levels, playing a crucial role in anti-aging signaling. These ROS act as redox-active sensors maintaining mitochondrial balance and intracellular energy. However, when iron regulation fails, it leads to increased iron levels and oxidative stress, contributing to neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Central to these conditions is the dysfunction of Nrf2 signaling, a key regulator of cellular defense against oxidative stress.

Nutritional polyphenols, found in foods like fruits and vegetables, emerge as powerful regulators of the Nrf2 pathway. These compounds help restore metabolic balance, showcasing significant neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. By targeting the Nrf2/vitagene pathway, these nutrients offer promising therapeutic strategies to mitigate oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, commonly linked to cognitive decline.

Exploring the connection between diet, cellular stress responses, and neurodegeneration, the study underscores the potential of hormesis—a beneficial adaptive response to mild stress. Emphasizing a holistic approach, integrating nutrition with traditional medical treatments, could pave the way for novel interventions in aging and neurodegenerative disorders, enhancing quality of life and longevity.